Background
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[ Geography ] [ People ] [ Government ] [ Economy ] [ Communications ] [ Transportation ] [ Military ]

Geography

Background: Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population) many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. After several setbacks, the end to the eleven-year conflict in Sierra Leone may finally be near at hand.

With the support of the UN peacekeeping force and contributions from the World Bank and international community, demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces (CDF) combatants has been completed. Reestablishment of government authority throughout the country is slowly proceeding and national elections took place in May 2002.

Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia

Geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 11 30 W

Area:
total: 71,740 sq km
land: 71,620 sq km
water : 120 sq km

Land boundaries:
total: 958 km
border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

Coastline: 402 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf : 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)

Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point : Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m

Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite

Land use:
arable land: 7.95%
permanent crops: 1.05%
other: 91% (2005)

Irrigated land: 300 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards: dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms

Environment - current issues: rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note: rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa

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People

Population: 4,891,546 (July 1997 est.); 5,232,624 (July 2000 est.); 5,614,743 (July 2002 est.); 6,294,774 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.6% (male 1,377,981/female 1,429,993)
15-64 years: 52.2% (male 1,573,990/female 1,708,840)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 94,359/female 109,611) (2008 est.)

Population growth rate: 3.54% (1997 est.), 3.67% (2000 est.); 3.21% (2002 est.); 2.282% (2008 est.)

Birth rate: 46.67 births/1,000 population (1997 est.), 45.63 births/1,000 population (2000 est.); 44.58 births/1,000 population (2002 est.); 45.08 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 17.75 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.), 19.58 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.); 18.83 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.); 22.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate: 6.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.), 10.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.); 1 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly returning (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 132.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.); 148.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.); 144.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.); 156.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 40.93 years
male: 38.64 years
female: 43.28 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.29 children born/woman (1997 est.),. 6.08 children born/woman (2000 est.); 5.94 children born/woman (2002 est.); 5.95 children born/woman (2008 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective: Sierra Leonean

Ethnic groups: 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-eighteenth century), refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Religions: Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%

Languages: English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic
total population: 35.1%
male: 46.9%
female: 24.4% (2004 est.)

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Government

Country name:
conventional long form : Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form: Sierra Leone

Government type: constitutional democracy

National capital: Freetown

Administrative divisions: 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*

Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK)

National holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961)

Constitution: 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times

Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state : President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet : Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007); note - president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms
election results : Ahmad Tejan KABBAH reelected president; percent of vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 70.6%, Ernest KOROMA 22.4%

Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (124 seats - 112 elected by popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; members serve five-year terms)
elections : last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - SLPP 70.06%, APC 22.35%, PLP 3%, others 4.59%; seats by party - SLPP 83, APC 27, PLP 2

Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court

Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress or APC [Alhaji Sat KOROMA, interim chairman]; Citizens United for Peace and Progress or CUPP [Alfred Musa CONTEH, interim chairman]; Coalition for Progress Party or CPP [Jeridine WILLIAM-SARHO, interim leader]; Democratic Center Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [George E. L. PALMER]; Democratic Party or DP [Henry BALO, acting chairman]; National Alliance Democratic Party or NADP [Mohamed Yahya SILLAH, chairman]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH]; National People's Party or NPP [Andrew TURAY]; National Republican Party or NRP [Stephen Sahr MAMBU]; National Unity Movement or NUM [Sam LEIGH, interim chairman]; National Unity Party or NUP [John BENJAMINE, interim leader]; Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman]; People's Democratic Alliance or PDA [Cpl. (Ret.) Abdul Rahman KAMARA, interim chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Osman KAMARA]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward John KARGBO]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass Chernok BUNDU, chairman]; Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP [Foday Saybana SANKOH, chairman]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Andrew Victor LUNGAY]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National People's Party or UNPP [John KAREFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting leader]; Young People's Party or YPP [Cornelius DEVEAUS, interim chairman]

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue

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Economy

Economy - overview: Sierra Leone is an extremely poor nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its physical and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development. Nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings accounting for nearly half of Sierra Leone's exports. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and supplement government revenues. The IMF has completed a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility program that helped stabilize economic growth and reduce inflation. A recent increase in political stability has led to a revival of economic activity such as the rehabilitation of bauxite and rutile mining.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (1996 est.); $2.5 billion (1999 est.); $2.7 billion (2001 est.); $4.882 billion (2007 est.)

GDP - 5% (1996 est.);, 10% (1999 est.); 3% (2001 est.); 6.8% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $980 (1996 est.); $500 (1999 est.); $500 (2001 est.); $800 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 49%
industry: 31%
services: 21% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line: 70.2% (2004)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)

Inflation rate - consumer prices: 5.6% (1996); 30% (1999 est.); 15% (2000 est.); 12% (2007 est.)

Labor force:
total: 1.369 million (1981 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.)
note: only about 65,000 wage earners (1985)

Budget:
revenues: $96 million
expenditures: $351 million (2000 est.)

Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile); small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining

Electricity - production: 185 million kWh (1991), 235 million kWh (1998); 245 million kWh (2000); 245 million kWh (2005)

Electricity - consumption: 219 million kWh (1998); 227.85 million kWh (2000); 227.9 million kWh (2005)

Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2005)

Agriculture - products: rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish

Exports:
total value: $39.3 million (f.o.b., 1995); $41 million (f.o.b., 1998); $65 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.); $216 million f.o.b. (2006)
commodities: diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish
partners: Belgium 52.1%, US 19.1%, Netherlands 6.8% (2006)

Imports:
total value: $140 million (c.i.f., 1995); $166 million (f.o.b., 1998); $145 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.); $560 million f.o.b. (2006)
commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals
partners: Cote d'Ivoire 9.3%, US 7.7%, China 7.7%, Brazil 6.9%, UK 6.7%, Netherlands 5.5%, South Africa 4.5%, India 4.3%, France 4.2% (2006)

Debt - external: $1.4 billion (1994); $1.15 billion (1998); $1.3 billion (2000); $1.61 billion (2003 est.)

Economic aid: recipient: $203.7 million (1995); $103 million (2001 est.); $343.4 million (2005 est.)

Currency: 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: leones per US dollar - 2,961.7 (2006), 2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003)

Fiscal year: calendar year

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Communications

Telephones: 17,000 (1995); 25,000 (2001); 24,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 30,000 (2001); 113,200 (2003)

Telephone system: marginal telephone service
domestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects Freetown to Bo and Kenema
international: country code - 232; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2000)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (1999); AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios: 980,000 (1992 est.), 1.12 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 2 (1999)

Televisions: 45,000 (1992 est.), 53,000 (1997)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)

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Transportation

Highways:
total: 11,300 km
paved: 904 km
unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)

Waterways: 800 km (600 km year round) (2005)

Merchant marine: total: 113 ships (1000 GRT or over) 314,549 GRT/419,409 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 85, chemical tanker 4, combination ore/oil 1, container 4, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 47 (Belgium 1, China 8, Greece 1, Romania 2, Russia 5, Syria 8, Turkey 7, Ukraine 8, UAE 7) (2007)

Ports and harbors: Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel

Airports: 10 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 2 (2007)

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Military

Military branches: Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): Army (includes Navy (Maritime Wing), Air Wing) (2008)

Military manpower - availability:
males age 16-49: 1,315,561 (2008 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 671,418 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2.6% (FY92/93), 2% (FY96/97); 1.5% (FY01); 2.3% (2006)

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